Hydrological compatibility ensures plants match site moisture levels. Wetland areas use species like Iris pseudacorus (yellow flag iris) with flood tolerance (up to 30 days submerged), while dry slopes employ Sedum spectabile (ice plant) with deep taproots accessing groundwater. Planting densities are calculated based on mature spread (e.g., 1–2 m spacing for shrubs, 5–8 m for trees) to avoid overcrowding, with mulching (5–7 cm depth of wood chips) reducing evaporation and suppressing weeds.
Aesthetic configuration applies design principles such as color contrast (e.g., purple Salvia nemorosa against yellow Rudbeckia fulgida), texture variation (fine-leaved Festuca glauca with broad-leaved Hosta sieboldii), and seasonal interest (evergreens like Buxus sempervirens for winter structure). In horticultural engineering, computer-aided design (CAD) software models plant growth over 10–20 years, ensuring long-term visual harmony and functional performance, such as windbreaks or privacy screens.
